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否定祈使句后不定式的句法功能

来源:www.huibimu.com 2024-01-03

Do not give him too much money to encourage him in his study.

请问这句中的不定式短语 to encourage him in his study 是什么成分?

是目的状语?不像!

是结果状语?也不像!

它是什么状语?

谢谢!

Do not give him too much money to encourage him in his study.

▲在这个句子中,动词不定式to encourage him in his study 是目的状语,不是结果状语,更不是定语。

判断不定式是何种成分,需要察看两个问题:①encourage 的逻辑主语是money,还是省略了的主语you; ②不定式to encourage him in his study 跟句子谓语部分give him money 存在何种关系?

我觉得:第一个问题,encourage 的逻辑主语是you,而非money;第二个问题,to encourage him in his study 确实含有目的性。因此,动词不定式to encourage him in his study是目的状语。同时满足了这两个条件,就能判定是目的状语。

▲关于判断不定式的成分,大家可以作一组对比:

名词之后的动词不定式,大概作三种句子成分:定语、宾补、状语。那样,如何分辨不定式作定语、宾补或状语呢?有些网友对这个问题可能模糊不清。重要问题要看:不定式所表达的动作与句子主语的逻辑关系,与与之前名词的逻辑关系,还要看跟句子谓语动词之间的关系。请对比以下三个句子:

1. This is the key to open the front door.

2. I expect the key to open the front door.

3. He used the key to open the front door.

●句1:to open the front door 作定语。由于其逻辑主语,要么是this,要么是the key,无论是哪个,其逻辑主语都是钥匙,不是“人”。从意思上看,“打开前门”是“钥匙”自己的行为,是一种主谓关系,作定语。但有人觉得它是目的状语,这显然是不对的,由于状语是修饰谓语动词的,从本句看它没办法修饰is。通常说来,在表语后面的不定式都是定语,不是状语。

●句2:open the front door是宾补,补充说明the key,the key是其逻辑主语。由于the key是谓语动词expect 的宾语,而跟不定式又是主谓关系,所以才叫宾语补足语。不定式作宾补是有条件的,在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,动词对宾语具备使令性或者感官意义,(如:want sb. to go 或see sb. go into the room),而不定式动作又是宾语发出的。除去expect 外,类似的动词还有:ask, want, wish, order, tell, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等。

●句3:to open the front door 才是目的状语,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。这个句子看着与句2很相似,但正是因为两个谓语动词的性质不同,才出现了两种不一样的成分。在这个句子中,to open the front door 是主语He发出的,the key 跟 to open the front door 没有逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式是He used the key 的目的, 所以它是目的状语。广义上的目的状语,不肯定非要翻译成“为了……”,只有在不定式前加了in order 或so as强调时,才突出目的。

除此之外,网友感觉不是目的状语是什么原因,可能是由于是个否定句。为了理解便捷,大家改为一定句看看:

His father gave him much money to encourage him in his study.

翻译1、为了鼓励他学习,他父亲给了他不少钱。

翻译2、他父亲给了他不少钱,以鼓励他学习。

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